NAME: HAZWANI BT MOHD HATAR
Introduction of poverty
Background
Colonial term
After dependence 1957 the government while adopting a broadly laissez faire economy system, embarked on a development strategy specifically aimed at substantial economic growth. Strong efforts were made to strengthen the export economy, by expanding the existing rubber band tin industry and developing new primary products and manufacturing. The modern sector, producing manufactured goods and services was expected to attract a flow of population from traditional rural areas. A similar increase was observed among rural household, while for urban household the Gini coefficient rose by 15%. Real household incomes for the poorer sections of t5he population, for all ethnics groups, decline by 13% between 1957-1970
The New Economic Policy 1970-1990
Prior to 1971, economic development was concentrated in accelerating growth through investment in infrastructure, rural development and agriculture. One of the NEP objectives is to eradicate the absolute poverty. It has three elements, the first aimed at improving a wide range of free subsidized social service such as housing, public utilities, health and increased educational. Secondly increase productivity and income level of the poor by expanding their capital efficiently. Thirdly increase opportunities for inter-sector movements out of low productivity areas and activity. The necessary education, training, financial, and technical skills would be provided to facilitate movement into the modern sectors 0of the economy.
New development policy 1990-2000
Malaysia focus anti-poverty programs was eradicated at the hard –core poor. Effort to eradicate hard-core poverty was leaded by special programs known as the Development Program for the poorest. In alleviating poverty, the government implemented various programs and projects aimed at rural and agriculture households. Among others the poor participated and benefited from projects such as the Integrated Agricultural Development Project, the provision of agriculture infrastructure, are replanting schemes, land consolidation and rehabilitation, and support services. In addition, greater employment opportunities from off-farm and non farm activities helped to increase income of poor household.
Definition of poverty
In public policy analysis, we may use the following definition of poverty. An individual is poor if the fails to achieve a relevant set of elementary capabilities as a result of inadequate application of resources. Deprivation on the other hand refers to a failure to process such elementary capabilities for any reason whatever. For example, a wealthy individual who suffers from debilitating disease may be deprived of elementary capabilities and those we empirically identify where their failure is due to inadequate application of resources. Normative and practical judgments are inescapably required for both tasks.
Measures of poverty
It begins with the identification-who are the poor? A poverty line, i.e. the income level considered to be the borderline between the poor and the non poor, is identified and the part of the society with incomes below this line are deemed poor. A poverty line definition has been suggested reflecting different views of poverty. There are 2 approaches in defining this poverty line, depending on whether poverty is seen as absolute or relative deprivation. If it is view as absolute deprivation, the poverty is considered to be a relative concept, then the poverty line will be defined in relation to prevailing standards of living.
Ø Absolute Approach
It based on the concept of a minimum standard of living. The poverty line is the estimated cost of the bundle goods necessary to ensure that basic consumption requirements are met like food, housing, and clothing.
Ø Relative Approach
In essence, the relative approach considers a person poor when his income is significantly lower than a half the national average. The relative approach is divided to 2 parts that are urban poverty and rural poverty.
Important of the issues
Ø Basically we want to explore how many and which area in Malaysia are effected in poverty.
Ø Secondly we want to know how to overcome this problem from being worst.
Ø Thirdly we want to see the factors and effects that might occur in this issue.
Ø Last but not least we want to develop our country so that we will become stronger especially in economic system.
Causes and effect of poverty
Causes of urban poverty
In town especially Kuala Lumpur the main cause the poverty are because lack of education, lack of job opportunities, large family size and lack of access to social facilities.
In the area of few of state such as Gombak, Selayang, Sungai Pencala, Segambut and Datuk Keramat they are having lack of access to public amenities utilities. In fact they are also poor at low level income and wealth.
Lot of people migrates from rural to urban area to find job and usually not all immigrants got job immediately.
In west Malaysia in especially in Sabah poor people are exists because of they concentrated on low wages industry. This all happened because the ethnic groups have low education
Economic interest is the dominant factor in pressuring the urbanization process at mega scale. The rapid rates of urbanization have swelled the ranks of the urban poor in the country.
Effects of urban poverty
The effect that we might see nowadays are as follow:
Unemployment
Most of the people who migrates from rural to urban area sometime they don’t find job because too much of them seeking for job and competition between them are high. The urban areas cannot fulfill rural people demand in giving job opportunities.
Social Problem
The poverty issues give such a big impact to the people who live in urban areas because at this time social problem might exist easily. For example drug addicted, illegal racing, and others. Thos problem will become serious if there is no cooperation from peoples outside and government.
Crime occur
When social problem exist automatically crime will also exist. This is due to lack of security. The issues of criminal that always been heard was rapes, murder, rape and etc.
Health problem
Disease uncontrolled activities are detectation in the urban area when many people in the rural area go to the urban. Disease control activities are also undertaken by local authorities with internal health inspectorates and play an important role in the detection and prevention of communicable diseases in urban and semi-urban areas.
Lack of education
Some of the parents they cannot afford their children to send them to school because low income or perhaps large family size. In urban the necessity and goods are sold at high price and that so difficult for them to give education for their children.
Causes or rural poverty
Rural poverty was largely a Malay problem as the majority of the rural population was Malay. The three main causes of rural were low production exploitation and neglect. The Malay were predominantly engaged in low agricultural and rural occupations and therefore received below average income.
The British colonial heritage laid the foundation for this situation. The Chinese found in commercially-oriented activities and Indians mainly in the plantation.
In addition government taxation policies like the rubber export tax and access levied on the rubber producers discriminated against small holders in favor of the plantation.
Unequal excess and opportunity low lower income levels led to low or none existence. In turn this resulted in their inability to bear the costs of education or migration, the two main means in the social mobility.
Low productivity associated with poverty was caused by lack of access to resources including jobs, education, credit, public housing.
Effects of the Rural Poverty
· Not enough money
Most of the people who live in the rural area they are facing with lack of technology to improve their crops. And this will be worst when poverty are occur because they don’t have enough financial sources to spend it purchasing the machinery.
For example in rural areas the development in agriculture rely much on the technology machinery to make sure the productivity that they produce can fulfill the demand of people in the whole country.
In fact, we also do some international trade in order fulfill the different demand of people. Some people maybe needs a few things that country cannot produce.
· Shortages of labor in agriculture sector
Young people are more comfortable working in the industrial sector rather than work in agriculture sectors. This effects bring the productivity farms are going slower day by day.
For example nowadays, the old people are monopoly some of the agriculture sector especially in producing rice.
· Lack of education
School that government always provide was located far away from the houses which was located in the rural areas. That is why some of them cannot send their children to school because they don’t have transport to do so.
· Lack of development in tourism
We can’t expand our tourism sector in order to attract people from outside to visit our country. Without this sector our country actually increases our expenditure.
Suggestions
· Programmed and projects
Government has introduced lot of programme to eradicate poverty. One of them is Development Programme for the poorest to overcome hardcore poverty. Besides they also focusing in the rural areas poverty and was set up programme called Integrated Agricultural Development Project with the motive for provision of agriculture infrastructures, replanting schemes and support service. Basically, anti poverty programme will target much on poorest states such as Kelantan and Kedah and districts as well as the Orang Asli community.
Malaysia had cooperated with few societies in order to make strategies which have been planned success. The list of Malysia cooperates are as below:
Ø United Nation Population Fund(UNFPA)
Ø Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP)
Ø Association of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN)
Ø World Health Organization
Ø United Nation Children Fund(UNICEF)
· Giving enough education
Government should encourage nation to always be prepared with education so that it can be use when we are trying to get job. The employer especially will hired peoples that have a good knowledge and able to handle whatever situation in works problem. So by having good education the risk to be chosen as a worker are high and automatically poverty will be avoided.
· Offer more jobs
Government can offer more jobs by create lot of sector especially in industrial and agriculture. By making this the chances to each of us to get jobs are high and can reduce competition among us. The chances to having a poverty life among us also can be reduce.
· Giving Subsidy to agricultural sectors
Government giving subsidy for those who are the beginners in this sector such as fertilizer, plant, machines, and training so that they will become success in that industry that they involved with.
In fact they can gain better standard of living because usually the demand in agricultural are high and the productivity can be much higher if the technological machines are being used.
· Industrial sectors expand in rural areas
More factories are building so that people from rural areas don’t need to migrate to the urban area to find the job. The poverty issues can be reducing slowly.
· Family Planning
Each couple that already getting married should been advise to make a family planning to control the large family members in the house. By making a planning spouse can giving fully attention in make their family members comfortable and enough necessities will be provided because they still can control their economy.
For example when a couple have already having a child they should do financial planning for their children in giving the education. This was practiced in Malaysia when government encourage parents to send their children to school when their children at the age of seven years old.
Another example that also quite good to be practice in Malaysia is like Singapore policy. The government in Singapore was set up a family planning to each couple. They can only having two children only.
· Encourage SME
Government are encourage student who already graduated from university involved in small medium industry to reduce poverty among Malaysian. Besides, people who live in the rural area also exposed in this industry to gain better life style. Nowadays we can see this industry are been monopoly by Malay people in order to increase economy. For example the UiTM was exposed to the entrepreneurship.
· Reduce number of foreign workers
Some company should hire local worker rather than foreign worker. A local worker should been giving a priorities to work in industrial sector in Malaysia.
Tuesday, September 25, 2007
TRADITIONAL MALAY WEDDING
GROUP MEMBERS:NOOR AZIZAH BT. MUSLIM
HAZWANI BT MOHD HATAR
MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL HAZWAN B. ZAINA
NUR LIYANA SYAZWANI BT. HAMZAH
Topic: Marriage
General purpose: To Inform
Specific purpose: to inform our audience about the Malays traditional wedding
Central idea: the preparation that should be taken before the wedding ceremony and several flows should be going through by the couple.
INTRODUCTION
The Malay people have a culture that is really fascinating. Take a moment and think, the view and situation when you attending a Malay wedding no matter it are your friends or relatives wedding. Is it fascinating and unique? The bride and groom are treated as a Royal of the Day. From the delicious food, the decoration and the outstanding costumes of the bride and groom to the process they have to go in the wedding.
In Malay culture, “the more the merrier” the ceremony. Literally every relatives, colleagues and neighbour been invited to the ceremony.
Islam recommends marriage highly among other things; it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection. Islam sees marriage as a foundation of the structure of society, and considers it both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife.
FLOW OF MARRIAGE
The Malay marriage is a regal affair. The bride and groom are treated as king and queen for a day.
Betrothal
The pre-wedding meeting between the bride's and the groom's parents will determine the dowry that is to be given to the bride as well as the date of the solemnization. This may be as early as a year before the wedding date so that arrangements could be made in advance. For the engagement, the future groom’s parents will gives a container of betel, a ring and some gifts. To complete the engagement the groom’s mother will put the ring to the bride’s finger.
Akad Nikah (solemnization)
Marriage is a contract, and the akad nikah means the union of the couples. The solemnization is normally presided by a kadhi, a religious official of the Syariat Court. In olden days, the bride's biological father has to perform this function. The akad nikah ceremony is in such a verbal contract between the bride's father or his representative (in this case the kadhi) and the groom. A small sum of money called the mas kahwin seals the contract. The dialogue must be clearly heard by three witnesses.
This ritual shows the tremendous responsibilities of the groom to take care for his bride. Before the solemnization a Kadhi will give a brief lecture on marriage and the responsibilities of the couples. The groom is reminded to take care of his wife and gives both spiritual and physical substance of his wife. This ceremony will takes places at the bride’s house but olden days its holds in the mosques as was performed during the Prophet Muhammad’s S.A.W days.
There is difference between “mas kahwin” and dowry. “Mas kahwin is a small sum of money as a gift from groom to his bride. It is according to the state in Malaysia. Example for Johor the amount of “Mas kahwin” is RM 22.50. The small sum of the “Mas kawin” is to ensure even the poor people could marry. The dowry or gifts on other hand is more customary and may go into thousands of ringgit. It often takes the form of both cash and jewelry or clothing and toiletries or maybe cake and fruits. This are presented in fancy boxes or forms knows as “gubahan”.
Climax of Malay Wedding
Bersanding
The marriage ceremony is actually held twice, first at the bride’s residence then the groom’s. This occasion is held to let the public knows that the couples are been married and the couple sits together on the dais.
The groom arrives at the bride’s house with the beat of kompang drums and flanked by “bunga manggar” carries. He is welcome by a shower of “beras kunyit” and a performance of Malay art, “Silat”. Before the groom is allowed to sit on a dais with his bride, he must give some amount of money called an “entrance fees” to the ladies of the house and if they are satisfied with the amount of money only the groom is allowed to sit on a dais with his bride with hands on their laps.
After that they will be bless called “berinai” ritual. These rituals begin with the oldest of the family members. They will take some yellow-colored turmeric rice (beras kunyit), fried rice grains ( beras pulut) and pat some rose water (air mawar) on the couples hands. Finally a pinch of henna on the palms. The couple will shake hands with their parents, relatives and guests.
DECORATION
All of us know that the decoration is very important in wedding days and preparation of wedding ceremony have to be done early.
DAIS
Family from the both side are very particular about dais for “bersanding” ceremony. It may take several days to construct and create a fascinating dais. Wedding and bridal dais consist of material elements such as pedestal tray, betel leaves box, weapon, tray, bridal bed, adornment, bead and etc. The dais will be construct at the hall of the house so that every single guest who came can see the bride and the bridegroom while “bersanding” ceremony. Usually the bride and the bridegroom will choose their own themes and decide what color that they prefer most.
(Picture above show the dais which has been decorated before “bersanding” session. Basically they will use lot of bouquet of flower to decorate the dais. Usually they will be two chairs which will be seated by the bride and bridegroom)
DOWRY
Basically there is different between dowries and “mas kahwin”.Mas kahwin is a small sum to ensure even poor people could marry. While, dowry is more customary and sometime it can goes up until thousand of Ringgit. The “hantaran” is traditions for Malay to show appreciated from both side and ensure that they are as promised. Usually the gifts are known as gubahan and it will be decorate nicely because it will be displayed in the bridal chamber. They use any kind of material such as lace, flowers and ribbon to decorate that gift.
BUNGA TELUR
Guest will be given a “bunga telur” before they leave the wedding ceremony. They belief that, by giving an egg that married couple will produce many children. In fact, in Islam married couples are advises to produce many children so that Islam can expand to the whole world. Nowadays, the gift was being modified. The modernalisation make people try to find gift that commercially prepared for examples chocolates, jelly, or a cake of soap.
THE ATTIRE OF MALAY TRADITIONAL WEDDING
Most of Malay traditional wedding are wearing songket. These songket are commonly come from Palembang, South Sumatera, East Bali, and China. Songket is made from the brocade of textiles. It is a rich, luxurious, ceremonial fabric, handwoven in silk or cotton, and elaborately patterned with gold and sometimes silver threads on the background cloth. The effect of light and gentle shadow on the fabric creates a gorgeous shimmering effect, making them King for the Day.
Both bride and bridegroom are wearing songket in their occasion. For bridegroom attire, he is wearing a suit of baju melayu with sampin, tanjak, and keris. There are two types of baju melayu which is included Baju Melayu Cekak Musang and Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga. His sampin and tanjak normally are from songket materials. Malay tanjak or tengkolok is worn and complements exquisitely the traditional full Malay costume of Baju Melayu. Keris is symbol of the warrior.
While for his bride, she is wearing baju kebaya which is made by songket and at the same time the beauticians will make sure that the bride simply perfect by wearing tiara. Besides that, she is wearing other accessories such as a set of bracelet, a set of necklace, earrings and rings. This rings are be given from her bride in betrothal level and during solemnization event. In addition, this couple will be covered with henna paste. This henna will be pasted before the solemnization event begins.
CUISINE
Malay traditional Cuisine is a must in every Malay wedding, the food is served buffet style so that everyone attended the wedding can help themselves to what they want. No cutlery will be given and one must eat with their right hand. A pot of water will be put on the table so everyone can wash their hand.
The cuisine serve in a wedding ceremony is like Rendang, cooked pumpkin, Gulai, fruit Achar, Pajeri Nenas, Ayam Masak Merah and lot of other dishes that is depend on the bride and groom family.
There are varieties of rice serve at a wedding that is plain white rice, Nasi Minyak (scented rice) and Nasi Beriyani (rice with spices). Nasi minyak is commonly served in traditional Malay wedding.Nasi minyak is cooked with butter ,ginger ,coconut milk and several of spices while Nasi Beriyani is cooked with saffron and spices that makes it slightly yellowish and full of flavour.
Beef rendang is a must have in every Malay weddings which is yummy .The rendang is cooked with beef cubes, coconut milk and several of spices to arouse the nice smell and gravy the beef.
Pajeri Nenas which is pineapple cooked in a thick sweet kerisik flavoured sauce .Kerisik is refers to toasted grated coconut that is mostly used in Malay dishes.
Ayam Masak Merah is another must have in weddings. The chicken that is chopped into pieces will be cooked in a spicy red tomato sauce and onion.
The condiment commonly serve in weddings is achar which are pickled vegetables and some mixed vegetables that consist of sliced cucumber, pineapple and onion tossed in vinegar.
CONCLUSION
As the conclusion a Malay traditional wedding needs lot of preparation so that everything will be smooth. They are very particular about the decoration especially in making a dais. Basically, they are several level needs to go through by a couple before being husband and wife. They are spying, betrothal, and lastly akad nikah. Normally the bride will wear a cloth which been made by songket and also some accessories. On the wedding day usually they will serve a traditional food for the guest and bunga telur to show their appreciation.
HAZWANI BT MOHD HATAR
MUHAMMAD KHAIRUL HAZWAN B. ZAINA
NUR LIYANA SYAZWANI BT. HAMZAH
Topic: Marriage
General purpose: To Inform
Specific purpose: to inform our audience about the Malays traditional wedding
Central idea: the preparation that should be taken before the wedding ceremony and several flows should be going through by the couple.
INTRODUCTION
The Malay people have a culture that is really fascinating. Take a moment and think, the view and situation when you attending a Malay wedding no matter it are your friends or relatives wedding. Is it fascinating and unique? The bride and groom are treated as a Royal of the Day. From the delicious food, the decoration and the outstanding costumes of the bride and groom to the process they have to go in the wedding.
In Malay culture, “the more the merrier” the ceremony. Literally every relatives, colleagues and neighbour been invited to the ceremony.
Islam recommends marriage highly among other things; it helps in the pursuit of spiritual perfection. Islam sees marriage as a foundation of the structure of society, and considers it both a physical and spiritual bond that endures into the afterlife.
FLOW OF MARRIAGE
The Malay marriage is a regal affair. The bride and groom are treated as king and queen for a day.
Betrothal
The pre-wedding meeting between the bride's and the groom's parents will determine the dowry that is to be given to the bride as well as the date of the solemnization. This may be as early as a year before the wedding date so that arrangements could be made in advance. For the engagement, the future groom’s parents will gives a container of betel, a ring and some gifts. To complete the engagement the groom’s mother will put the ring to the bride’s finger.
Akad Nikah (solemnization)
Marriage is a contract, and the akad nikah means the union of the couples. The solemnization is normally presided by a kadhi, a religious official of the Syariat Court. In olden days, the bride's biological father has to perform this function. The akad nikah ceremony is in such a verbal contract between the bride's father or his representative (in this case the kadhi) and the groom. A small sum of money called the mas kahwin seals the contract. The dialogue must be clearly heard by three witnesses.
This ritual shows the tremendous responsibilities of the groom to take care for his bride. Before the solemnization a Kadhi will give a brief lecture on marriage and the responsibilities of the couples. The groom is reminded to take care of his wife and gives both spiritual and physical substance of his wife. This ceremony will takes places at the bride’s house but olden days its holds in the mosques as was performed during the Prophet Muhammad’s S.A.W days.
There is difference between “mas kahwin” and dowry. “Mas kahwin is a small sum of money as a gift from groom to his bride. It is according to the state in Malaysia. Example for Johor the amount of “Mas kahwin” is RM 22.50. The small sum of the “Mas kawin” is to ensure even the poor people could marry. The dowry or gifts on other hand is more customary and may go into thousands of ringgit. It often takes the form of both cash and jewelry or clothing and toiletries or maybe cake and fruits. This are presented in fancy boxes or forms knows as “gubahan”.
Climax of Malay Wedding
Bersanding
The marriage ceremony is actually held twice, first at the bride’s residence then the groom’s. This occasion is held to let the public knows that the couples are been married and the couple sits together on the dais.
The groom arrives at the bride’s house with the beat of kompang drums and flanked by “bunga manggar” carries. He is welcome by a shower of “beras kunyit” and a performance of Malay art, “Silat”. Before the groom is allowed to sit on a dais with his bride, he must give some amount of money called an “entrance fees” to the ladies of the house and if they are satisfied with the amount of money only the groom is allowed to sit on a dais with his bride with hands on their laps.
After that they will be bless called “berinai” ritual. These rituals begin with the oldest of the family members. They will take some yellow-colored turmeric rice (beras kunyit), fried rice grains ( beras pulut) and pat some rose water (air mawar) on the couples hands. Finally a pinch of henna on the palms. The couple will shake hands with their parents, relatives and guests.
DECORATION
All of us know that the decoration is very important in wedding days and preparation of wedding ceremony have to be done early.
DAIS
Family from the both side are very particular about dais for “bersanding” ceremony. It may take several days to construct and create a fascinating dais. Wedding and bridal dais consist of material elements such as pedestal tray, betel leaves box, weapon, tray, bridal bed, adornment, bead and etc. The dais will be construct at the hall of the house so that every single guest who came can see the bride and the bridegroom while “bersanding” ceremony. Usually the bride and the bridegroom will choose their own themes and decide what color that they prefer most.
(Picture above show the dais which has been decorated before “bersanding” session. Basically they will use lot of bouquet of flower to decorate the dais. Usually they will be two chairs which will be seated by the bride and bridegroom)
DOWRY
Basically there is different between dowries and “mas kahwin”.Mas kahwin is a small sum to ensure even poor people could marry. While, dowry is more customary and sometime it can goes up until thousand of Ringgit. The “hantaran” is traditions for Malay to show appreciated from both side and ensure that they are as promised. Usually the gifts are known as gubahan and it will be decorate nicely because it will be displayed in the bridal chamber. They use any kind of material such as lace, flowers and ribbon to decorate that gift.
BUNGA TELUR
Guest will be given a “bunga telur” before they leave the wedding ceremony. They belief that, by giving an egg that married couple will produce many children. In fact, in Islam married couples are advises to produce many children so that Islam can expand to the whole world. Nowadays, the gift was being modified. The modernalisation make people try to find gift that commercially prepared for examples chocolates, jelly, or a cake of soap.
THE ATTIRE OF MALAY TRADITIONAL WEDDING
Most of Malay traditional wedding are wearing songket. These songket are commonly come from Palembang, South Sumatera, East Bali, and China. Songket is made from the brocade of textiles. It is a rich, luxurious, ceremonial fabric, handwoven in silk or cotton, and elaborately patterned with gold and sometimes silver threads on the background cloth. The effect of light and gentle shadow on the fabric creates a gorgeous shimmering effect, making them King for the Day.
Both bride and bridegroom are wearing songket in their occasion. For bridegroom attire, he is wearing a suit of baju melayu with sampin, tanjak, and keris. There are two types of baju melayu which is included Baju Melayu Cekak Musang and Baju Melayu Teluk Belanga. His sampin and tanjak normally are from songket materials. Malay tanjak or tengkolok is worn and complements exquisitely the traditional full Malay costume of Baju Melayu. Keris is symbol of the warrior.
While for his bride, she is wearing baju kebaya which is made by songket and at the same time the beauticians will make sure that the bride simply perfect by wearing tiara. Besides that, she is wearing other accessories such as a set of bracelet, a set of necklace, earrings and rings. This rings are be given from her bride in betrothal level and during solemnization event. In addition, this couple will be covered with henna paste. This henna will be pasted before the solemnization event begins.
CUISINE
Malay traditional Cuisine is a must in every Malay wedding, the food is served buffet style so that everyone attended the wedding can help themselves to what they want. No cutlery will be given and one must eat with their right hand. A pot of water will be put on the table so everyone can wash their hand.
The cuisine serve in a wedding ceremony is like Rendang, cooked pumpkin, Gulai, fruit Achar, Pajeri Nenas, Ayam Masak Merah and lot of other dishes that is depend on the bride and groom family.
There are varieties of rice serve at a wedding that is plain white rice, Nasi Minyak (scented rice) and Nasi Beriyani (rice with spices). Nasi minyak is commonly served in traditional Malay wedding.Nasi minyak is cooked with butter ,ginger ,coconut milk and several of spices while Nasi Beriyani is cooked with saffron and spices that makes it slightly yellowish and full of flavour.
Beef rendang is a must have in every Malay weddings which is yummy .The rendang is cooked with beef cubes, coconut milk and several of spices to arouse the nice smell and gravy the beef.
Pajeri Nenas which is pineapple cooked in a thick sweet kerisik flavoured sauce .Kerisik is refers to toasted grated coconut that is mostly used in Malay dishes.
Ayam Masak Merah is another must have in weddings. The chicken that is chopped into pieces will be cooked in a spicy red tomato sauce and onion.
The condiment commonly serve in weddings is achar which are pickled vegetables and some mixed vegetables that consist of sliced cucumber, pineapple and onion tossed in vinegar.
CONCLUSION
As the conclusion a Malay traditional wedding needs lot of preparation so that everything will be smooth. They are very particular about the decoration especially in making a dais. Basically, they are several level needs to go through by a couple before being husband and wife. They are spying, betrothal, and lastly akad nikah. Normally the bride will wear a cloth which been made by songket and also some accessories. On the wedding day usually they will serve a traditional food for the guest and bunga telur to show their appreciation.
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDENTS
PAIR NAME: HAZWANI BT MOHD HATAR
NOOR AZIZAH BT MUSLIM
Topic: Lack of Knowledge among International Business Students
General purpose: To Inform
Specific purpose: To inform our audience about the lack of knowledge among International Business students.
Central idea: The causes of lack of knowledge, how to overcome the causes, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
There is several meaning for the knowledge which will be different to one another. In Oxford English Dictionary, knowledge is defined as facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject, (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Philosophical debates in general start with Plato's formulation of knowledge as "justified true belief". There is however no single agreed definition of knowledge presently, or any prospect of one, and there remain numerous competing theories.
Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association, and reasoning. The term knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose.
“We suppose ourselves to possess unqualified scientific knowledge of a thing, as opposed to knowing it in the accidental way in which the sophist knows, when we think that we know the cause on which the fact depends, as the cause of that fact and of no other, and, further, that the fact could not be other than it is. Now that scientific knowing is something of this sort is evident — witness both those who falsely claim it and those who actually possess it, since the former merely imagine themselves to be, while the latter are also actually, in the condition described. Consequently the proper object of unqualified scientific knowledge is something which cannot be other than it is.”
— Aristotle, Posterior Analytics (Book 1 Part 2)
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Ø Geographical knowledge
Although geographical knowledge of foreign countries is a crucial explicit knowledge.factor in successfully marketing goods and services to international markets, an article in this Journal in 1991 reported on the low level of geographical knowledge about foreign countries possessed by students majoring in business at a large public university located in the United States. This article describes the results of a replication of the earlier study, noting changes in business students' ability to identify the locations of countries of the world and the impact of seven key variables on this capability. Recognizing the apparent apathy held by educators teaching international business courses toward this subject, recommendations are offered for enhancing business students' international geographical expertise.
Ø Management knowledge
Management theory emerged in the 1990s. It seeks to understand the way in which knowledge is created, used and shared within organizations. It use two different model:
(i) The DIKW model, which places data, information, knowledge and wisdom into an increasingly useful pyramid.
(ii) Nonaka's reformulation of Polanyi's distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge.
Both of these models are increasingly under challenge with different of thought. An objective of mainstream knowledge management is to ensure that the right information is delivered to the right person just in time, in order to take the most appropriate decision. In that sense, knowledge managements not interested in managing knowledge but to relate knowledge and its usage.
Ø Entrepreneurship knowledge
According to Cheng Ming Yu and Cheryl Chan from Multimedia University Malaysia the entrepreneurship knowledge need students to have strong academic background, particularly those who know how to take advantage of Internet and other information communication technologies (ICTs) is required. Therefore, the growing concern is how the education institutions, particularly the tertiary education institutions, should impart essential entrepreneurial knowledge in the syllabus to equip future entrepreneurs with the necessary skills. In fact, MMU introduce the cyberpreneurship and the purposes of introducing the cyberpreneurship subject are twofold, which are:
1) to develop students interest to become entrepreneurs, even if they are not students from business or management faculties
2) to enhance students knowledge and understanding on the role of entrepreneurship in the new business world, especially the cyber world.
Ø Communicating knowledge
Symbolic representations can be used to store meaning. The mapping from the symbolic representation to meaning can be thought of as a dynamic process. Hence also the transfer of the symbolic representation can be viewed as an ascription process whereby knowledge can be transferred. We talk of 'data' (the symbols) and 'information' (the meaning). Knowledge is contextual however, so explanation and investigation is usually needed to transfer appropriate state information around which an appropriate interpretation can be established — in the case of two entities, a 'conversation' ensues during which 'understanding' can be developed. The communication plays an important role because business can’t be operated without it. However we need to adapt with different language which might be different among the other countries. For example Japanese, they always use their language and if we want to make a business with them we need to have a good communication in their language.
Ø Situated knowledge
Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. Knowledge generated through experience is called knowledge "a posteriori" meaning afterwards. The pure existence of a term like "a posteriori" means this also has a counterpart. In this case that is knowledge "a priori", meaning before. The knowledge prior to any experience means that there are certain "assumptions" that one takes for granted.
CAUSES OF LACK OF KNOWLEDGES
Lack of reading newspaper
Newspaper is a good material that student’s especially international business students should turn to. In the newspaper people will be exposed to global news and alert on what was happening around the world. However, some of the international business students didn’t care much about the importance of newspaper. As an international business student we must to make sure that we can recognize the economic, geographical, political, and marketing for each country.
Lack of interest
Some of the students don’t have an interest to find a knowledge because they feel that it just wasting of time keep on searching about others country ways of business. They thought each country will accept whatever ways of doing business. As all we know each country have their own cultures. For example, if you want to do a business in Arab country you must have an interest to know their cultures and adapt with it. It maybe take an ample time for you to adapt and implement your knowledge in order to market your product there.
Lack of social
Get involved with people is the important element in a way to increase our knowledge because we are exchanging ideas. The more social we are the more benefit we get especially with the foreigners. By having this we are actually gains an information which might be useful to enter other countries market. From the information we may get an ideas to plan a long term strategy.
Environment
The environment of study also plays a role to attract an interest not only for the international business students but also goes to other courses. The environment means the condition of the class, the material which have been using to teach the students and how to tackle students in delivery. An important part of the course is a series of classes focused on learning how to use the Bloomberg terminal for business, financial and economic research
Lack of exposure( trip)
The meaning of international business tell us that is about the globalization so that it mean students need to have an exposure outside of their own country to get clear picture about each country in all over the world. Students who does not expose with the ethics of each country may find the difficulty to understand and to enter their market because we need an information detail about the capacity of the other countries, political problems and their geographical.
OVERCOME LACK OF KNOWLEDGES
Campaign
- The only best way to overcome this problem is by doing a campaign. The campaign that will be used is by giving a speech on the importance and the benefit of taking this course. At the same time the campaign will followed by giving and exposure about the each country and how to enter their market to expand our business. The speech should be given by someone that already has an experienced about the international business. For example by Steven Lysonski is an Associate Professor at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is a former member of the marketing faculty at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ and the University of Rhode Island at Kingston. In addition to presenting research to more than 30 academic conferences, he has published widely in such journals as the Journal of Marketing, The European Journal of Marketing, the International Journal of Advertising, the Journal of Product Innovation and Management and Psychological Reports. His research interests focus on product management, international issues of marketing, and ethical implications of marketing.
- In fact, we can also build an interest in order to increase of knowledge among the international students by conduct a book festival which will offer the great discount.
Trip
Trip to another country and see the developing of their industry can increase our knowledge in term of their economic growth and marketing strategies. The knowledge that we get can be apply when we want to do an international business between two boundaries. Global trade is a fascinating lens through which we can examine some of the most interesting and complex issues of our times. We must be well versed in economics, business, politics, immigration, poverty and public policy.
ADVANTAGES OF KNOWLEDGE
According to Robert Williams, Director of Breed Improvement and Foreign Marketing said that by having a lot of knowledge we may improved our communication link and sharing of information will aid in collecting meaningful data. Furthermore, he also said that data only is valuable if you are adequately interpreted and understand it. This will lead to there is no point of having amount of data but we could not to understand the meaning or its messages that they try to deliver. As a result the data obtained does not be transferred as knowledge.
We also may apply such knowledge in decision making purposes. For example, imagine two similar breeds of mushroom, which grow on either side of a mountain, one nutritious, one poisonous. From wikipedia resources stated that relying on knowledge from an ecological boundary, after crossing to the other, may lead to starving rather than eating perfectly healthy food near at hand, or to poisoning oneself by mistakes. So that, base on that knowledge, we are avoid from having poisonous food and eating a healthy one.
In addition, having a good knowledge may increase one self confidence. This is due to they know how to react with people and may exchange their knowledge with others. This confidence may create a good image and perception from others. Thus, it would increase their self esteem.
DISADVANTAGES OF LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
There are various disadvantages that we will get if we were lacking of knowledge. Based on Swami Krishnananda, the Divine Life Society said that from psychology of human nature, we will find that the whole of mankind is stupid and it has no understanding of what right conduct is, in the light of facts as they are. In that case, if we were lacking of knowledge, we will remain stupid for the whole of our life. Thus, nobody will respect us and they may play fool in front of other people. This will lead to decrease our motivation and self esteem. We also will afraid to communicate and interact with other people because there is nothing to share with.
Knowledge may create a good image of person. Lack of knowledge would create a bad perception from others. They have no self confidence to show off their ability and strengthen. People will look down of these individual and assume that they have no any specialty that would contribute to any profit of organization.
These kinds of individual also do not expert in making decision and in fact they do not know how to make a good decision. These individual will categorize as people who follow the flow which they accept any decision that make by others.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion knowledge is necessary for everyone. Without having any knowledge people would look down to us and do not have respect from others. Furthermore, these kinds of individual also do not know how to communicate with public. In addition, having lack of knowledge will create a bad perception from other people as well as lack of self confidence. However, being knowledgeable has a lot of advantages such as good communication skilled, confidence in making decision, and create good image. The lack of knowledge also can be causes from lack of reading newspaper, lack of interest, lack of social, environment factors, and lack of exposure. On the other hand, there are a few outcomes that can be taken to increase the level of individual knowledge. For instance, they may setup a program such as education trip and campaign. Apart to that there are many types of knowledge and it included geographical knowledge, management knowledge, entrepreneurship knowledge, communicating knowledge and situated knowledge.
NOOR AZIZAH BT MUSLIM
Topic: Lack of Knowledge among International Business Students
General purpose: To Inform
Specific purpose: To inform our audience about the lack of knowledge among International Business students.
Central idea: The causes of lack of knowledge, how to overcome the causes, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
There is several meaning for the knowledge which will be different to one another. In Oxford English Dictionary, knowledge is defined as facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject, (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Philosophical debates in general start with Plato's formulation of knowledge as "justified true belief". There is however no single agreed definition of knowledge presently, or any prospect of one, and there remain numerous competing theories.
Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association, and reasoning. The term knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose.
“We suppose ourselves to possess unqualified scientific knowledge of a thing, as opposed to knowing it in the accidental way in which the sophist knows, when we think that we know the cause on which the fact depends, as the cause of that fact and of no other, and, further, that the fact could not be other than it is. Now that scientific knowing is something of this sort is evident — witness both those who falsely claim it and those who actually possess it, since the former merely imagine themselves to be, while the latter are also actually, in the condition described. Consequently the proper object of unqualified scientific knowledge is something which cannot be other than it is.”
— Aristotle, Posterior Analytics (Book 1 Part 2)
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Ø Geographical knowledge
Although geographical knowledge of foreign countries is a crucial explicit knowledge.factor in successfully marketing goods and services to international markets, an article in this Journal in 1991 reported on the low level of geographical knowledge about foreign countries possessed by students majoring in business at a large public university located in the United States. This article describes the results of a replication of the earlier study, noting changes in business students' ability to identify the locations of countries of the world and the impact of seven key variables on this capability. Recognizing the apparent apathy held by educators teaching international business courses toward this subject, recommendations are offered for enhancing business students' international geographical expertise.
Ø Management knowledge
Management theory emerged in the 1990s. It seeks to understand the way in which knowledge is created, used and shared within organizations. It use two different model:
(i) The DIKW model, which places data, information, knowledge and wisdom into an increasingly useful pyramid.
(ii) Nonaka's reformulation of Polanyi's distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge.
Both of these models are increasingly under challenge with different of thought. An objective of mainstream knowledge management is to ensure that the right information is delivered to the right person just in time, in order to take the most appropriate decision. In that sense, knowledge managements not interested in managing knowledge but to relate knowledge and its usage.
Ø Entrepreneurship knowledge
According to Cheng Ming Yu and Cheryl Chan from Multimedia University Malaysia the entrepreneurship knowledge need students to have strong academic background, particularly those who know how to take advantage of Internet and other information communication technologies (ICTs) is required. Therefore, the growing concern is how the education institutions, particularly the tertiary education institutions, should impart essential entrepreneurial knowledge in the syllabus to equip future entrepreneurs with the necessary skills. In fact, MMU introduce the cyberpreneurship and the purposes of introducing the cyberpreneurship subject are twofold, which are:
1) to develop students interest to become entrepreneurs, even if they are not students from business or management faculties
2) to enhance students knowledge and understanding on the role of entrepreneurship in the new business world, especially the cyber world.
Ø Communicating knowledge
Symbolic representations can be used to store meaning. The mapping from the symbolic representation to meaning can be thought of as a dynamic process. Hence also the transfer of the symbolic representation can be viewed as an ascription process whereby knowledge can be transferred. We talk of 'data' (the symbols) and 'information' (the meaning). Knowledge is contextual however, so explanation and investigation is usually needed to transfer appropriate state information around which an appropriate interpretation can be established — in the case of two entities, a 'conversation' ensues during which 'understanding' can be developed. The communication plays an important role because business can’t be operated without it. However we need to adapt with different language which might be different among the other countries. For example Japanese, they always use their language and if we want to make a business with them we need to have a good communication in their language.
Ø Situated knowledge
Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. Knowledge generated through experience is called knowledge "a posteriori" meaning afterwards. The pure existence of a term like "a posteriori" means this also has a counterpart. In this case that is knowledge "a priori", meaning before. The knowledge prior to any experience means that there are certain "assumptions" that one takes for granted.
CAUSES OF LACK OF KNOWLEDGES
Lack of reading newspaper
Newspaper is a good material that student’s especially international business students should turn to. In the newspaper people will be exposed to global news and alert on what was happening around the world. However, some of the international business students didn’t care much about the importance of newspaper. As an international business student we must to make sure that we can recognize the economic, geographical, political, and marketing for each country.
Lack of interest
Some of the students don’t have an interest to find a knowledge because they feel that it just wasting of time keep on searching about others country ways of business. They thought each country will accept whatever ways of doing business. As all we know each country have their own cultures. For example, if you want to do a business in Arab country you must have an interest to know their cultures and adapt with it. It maybe take an ample time for you to adapt and implement your knowledge in order to market your product there.
Lack of social
Get involved with people is the important element in a way to increase our knowledge because we are exchanging ideas. The more social we are the more benefit we get especially with the foreigners. By having this we are actually gains an information which might be useful to enter other countries market. From the information we may get an ideas to plan a long term strategy.
Environment
The environment of study also plays a role to attract an interest not only for the international business students but also goes to other courses. The environment means the condition of the class, the material which have been using to teach the students and how to tackle students in delivery. An important part of the course is a series of classes focused on learning how to use the Bloomberg terminal for business, financial and economic research
Lack of exposure( trip)
The meaning of international business tell us that is about the globalization so that it mean students need to have an exposure outside of their own country to get clear picture about each country in all over the world. Students who does not expose with the ethics of each country may find the difficulty to understand and to enter their market because we need an information detail about the capacity of the other countries, political problems and their geographical.
OVERCOME LACK OF KNOWLEDGES
Campaign
- The only best way to overcome this problem is by doing a campaign. The campaign that will be used is by giving a speech on the importance and the benefit of taking this course. At the same time the campaign will followed by giving and exposure about the each country and how to enter their market to expand our business. The speech should be given by someone that already has an experienced about the international business. For example by Steven Lysonski is an Associate Professor at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is a former member of the marketing faculty at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ and the University of Rhode Island at Kingston. In addition to presenting research to more than 30 academic conferences, he has published widely in such journals as the Journal of Marketing, The European Journal of Marketing, the International Journal of Advertising, the Journal of Product Innovation and Management and Psychological Reports. His research interests focus on product management, international issues of marketing, and ethical implications of marketing.
- In fact, we can also build an interest in order to increase of knowledge among the international students by conduct a book festival which will offer the great discount.
Trip
Trip to another country and see the developing of their industry can increase our knowledge in term of their economic growth and marketing strategies. The knowledge that we get can be apply when we want to do an international business between two boundaries. Global trade is a fascinating lens through which we can examine some of the most interesting and complex issues of our times. We must be well versed in economics, business, politics, immigration, poverty and public policy.
ADVANTAGES OF KNOWLEDGE
According to Robert Williams, Director of Breed Improvement and Foreign Marketing said that by having a lot of knowledge we may improved our communication link and sharing of information will aid in collecting meaningful data. Furthermore, he also said that data only is valuable if you are adequately interpreted and understand it. This will lead to there is no point of having amount of data but we could not to understand the meaning or its messages that they try to deliver. As a result the data obtained does not be transferred as knowledge.
We also may apply such knowledge in decision making purposes. For example, imagine two similar breeds of mushroom, which grow on either side of a mountain, one nutritious, one poisonous. From wikipedia resources stated that relying on knowledge from an ecological boundary, after crossing to the other, may lead to starving rather than eating perfectly healthy food near at hand, or to poisoning oneself by mistakes. So that, base on that knowledge, we are avoid from having poisonous food and eating a healthy one.
In addition, having a good knowledge may increase one self confidence. This is due to they know how to react with people and may exchange their knowledge with others. This confidence may create a good image and perception from others. Thus, it would increase their self esteem.
DISADVANTAGES OF LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
There are various disadvantages that we will get if we were lacking of knowledge. Based on Swami Krishnananda, the Divine Life Society said that from psychology of human nature, we will find that the whole of mankind is stupid and it has no understanding of what right conduct is, in the light of facts as they are. In that case, if we were lacking of knowledge, we will remain stupid for the whole of our life. Thus, nobody will respect us and they may play fool in front of other people. This will lead to decrease our motivation and self esteem. We also will afraid to communicate and interact with other people because there is nothing to share with.
Knowledge may create a good image of person. Lack of knowledge would create a bad perception from others. They have no self confidence to show off their ability and strengthen. People will look down of these individual and assume that they have no any specialty that would contribute to any profit of organization.
These kinds of individual also do not expert in making decision and in fact they do not know how to make a good decision. These individual will categorize as people who follow the flow which they accept any decision that make by others.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion knowledge is necessary for everyone. Without having any knowledge people would look down to us and do not have respect from others. Furthermore, these kinds of individual also do not know how to communicate with public. In addition, having lack of knowledge will create a bad perception from other people as well as lack of self confidence. However, being knowledgeable has a lot of advantages such as good communication skilled, confidence in making decision, and create good image. The lack of knowledge also can be causes from lack of reading newspaper, lack of interest, lack of social, environment factors, and lack of exposure. On the other hand, there are a few outcomes that can be taken to increase the level of individual knowledge. For instance, they may setup a program such as education trip and campaign. Apart to that there are many types of knowledge and it included geographical knowledge, management knowledge, entrepreneurship knowledge, communicating knowledge and situated knowledge.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)